Spontaneous change from seated to standing cycling position with increasing power is associated with a minimization of cost functions     

Antony Costes  Nicolas A Turpin  David Villeger  Pierre Moretto  Bruno Watier 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(8):907-913

Spontaneous changes of movement patterns may allow to elucidate which criteria influence movement pattern preferences. However, the factors explaining the sit-stand transition in cycling are unclear. This study investigated if biomechanical and/or muscle activation cost functions could predict the power at which the spontaneous sit-stand transition occurs. Twenty-five participants performed an incremental test leading to the sit-to-stand transition, and subsequent randomized pedaling trials at 20 to 120% of the transition power in seated and standing position. A Moment Cost Function based on lower limbs net joint moments and two Electromyographic Cost Functions based on EMG data were defined. All cost functions increased with increasing crank power (p < 0.001) but at different rates in the seated and standing positions. They had lower values in the seated position below the transition power and lower values in the standing position above the transition power (p < 0.05). These results suggest that spontaneous change of position observed in cycling with increasing crank power represents an optimal choice to minimize muscular efforts. These results support the use of simple cost functions to define optimal settings in cycling and to assess the cost of cycling during short-term efforts.  相似文献   

Effects of knowing the task duration on players’ pacing patterns during soccer small-sided games     

Ricardo Ferraz  Bruno Gonçalves  Roland Van Den Tillaar  Sergio Jiménez Sáiz  Jaime Sampaio  Mário C. Marques 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(1):116-122

The aim of this study was to identify the influence of prior knowledge of exercise duration on players’ pacing patterns during soccer small-sided games. Twenty semi-professional male soccer players participated in this study. In the first game scenario, players were not informed how long they would be required to play the small-sided game and the activity was terminated after 20 min (Unknown Condition). In the second game scenario, players were told that they would play the small-sided game for 10 min, but immediately after completing the 10-min game, they were asked to complete another 10 min (Partially Condition). In the third game scenario, players were instructed that they would play the small-sided game for 20 min and then they completed the 20-min game (Known Condition). The results presented a tendency of higher values in all performance variables in the [0′–10′] min compared with the [10′–20′] min. As the players’ previous knowledge about the tasks duration increased, the performance between two moments tended to be similar. Considering the entire 20-min game duration, the Partially Condition of the exercise was the most demanding condition. In conclusion, the knowledge of shorter durations of the exercise seems to lead to an increase of exercise duration demand, and longer exercise durations possibly tend to decrease differences between full knowledge and not knowing the exercise duration.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Draper  James  Chopin  Bruno 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1985,30(3):377-382

International Review of Education -  相似文献   

Perception of humor by regular class students and students with learning disabilities or mild mental retardation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R M Bruno  J M Johnson  J Simon 《Journal of learning disabilities》1987,20(9):568-570

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The Elliott Cresson medal     

Theodore L. Cairns  Robert H. Dickie  Bruno B. Rossi  A.J. Haagen-Smith 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1975,299(5):367-376

This medal is awarded for discovery or original research adding to the sum of human knowledge, irrespective of commercial value; leading and practical utilizations of discovery; and invention, methods and products embodying substantial elements of leadership in their respective classes, or unsual skill or perfection in their workmanship.  相似文献   

The impact of M&A on the R&D process: An empirical analysis of the role of technological- and market-relatedness     

Bruno Cassiman  Massimo G. Colombo  Reinhilde Veugelers 《Research Policy》2005,34(2):195-220

Using information on 31 in-depth cases of individual M&A deals, we show that technological and market-relatedness between M&A partners distinctly affects the inputs, outputs, performance and organisational structure of the R&D process. While the findings in the literature on the effect of M&A on R&D are quite mixed, we can sharpen results by analysing data at the level of the R&D process. This comes at the price of a smaller sample and more qualitative data, for which caution in the interpretation is necessary. M&A between partners with ex-ante complementary technologies result in more active R&D performers after the M&A. In sharp contrast, when merged entities are technologically substitutive, they significantly decrease their R&D level after the M&A. Moreover, R&D efficiency increases more prominently when merged entities are technologically complementary than when they are substitutive. These two findings on the R&D level and the performance support the scope economy effect of M&A, on the one hand, and reject the scale economy effect of M&A, on the other. Next, for cases in which partners were active in the same technological fields before the M&A, the reduction of R&D is more prominent, while the R&D efficiency gain is smaller if merged entities were rivals in the product market prior to their merger than if they were non-rival. This suggests that rival firms reap little technology gains from mergers.  相似文献   

Can young students understand the mathematical concept of equality? A whole-year arithmetic teaching experiment in second grade     

Fischer  Jean-Paul  Sander  Emmanuel  Sensevy  Gérard  Vilette  Bruno  Richard  Jean-François 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2019,34(2):439-456

European Journal of Psychology of Education - Ensuring students correctly understand the notion of equality is a fundamental problem in teaching mathematics. Is it possible to teach arithmetic in...  相似文献   

Self-selected or imposed exercise? A different approach for affective comparisons     

Bruno Ribeiro Ramalho Oliveira  Andréa Camaz Deslandes  Fábio Yuzo Nakamura  Bruno Ferreira Viana 《Journal of sports sciences》2015,33(8):777-785

The aim of this study was to compare the psychological and physiological responses of self-selected and imposed sessions of equivalent intensities and durations and allowing to participants a free control of pace during the self-selected session. Seventeen participants completed three sessions on a cycle ergometer. Participant’s VO_2Peak and lactate threshold were measured during an incremental exercise test. During the second and third sessions, participants could view a virtual cyclist on a monitor. During the self-selected session, participants were allowed free control of the intensity and duration. To ensure that the imposed session replicated the self-selected session in intensity, participants were instructed to follow an additional virtual cyclist, which was displayed on a monitor using the CompuTrainer 3D software. Power output and physiological and psychological variables were recorded during the sessions. A two-way ANOVA showed no effect of condition for power output (P = 0.940), heart rate (HR) (P = 0.965), VO₂ (P = 0.898), blood lactate (P = 0.667), Feeling Scale (P = 0.877), Felt Arousal Scale (P = 0.924) and CR100 (P = 0.939). A paired t-test showed no significant difference in Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale scores between sessions (P = 0.054). In contrast to previous studies, the self-selected session did not provide better affective responses than the imposed session with same intensity and duration.  相似文献   

A computer science and robotics integration model for primary school: evaluation of a large-scale in-service K-4 teacher-training program     

El-Hamamsy  Laila  Chessel-Lazzarotto  Frédérique  Bruno  Barbara  Roy  Didier  Cahlikova  Tereza  Chevalier  Morgane  Parriaux  Gabriel  Pellet  Jean-Philippe  Lanarès  Jacques  Zufferey  Jessica Dehler  Mondada  Francesco 《Education and Information Technologies》2021,26(3):2445-2475

Education and Information Technologies - Integrating computer science (CS) into school curricula has become a worldwide preoccupation. Therefore, we present a CS and Robotics integration model and...  相似文献   

Fürstentum Liechtenstein     

Bruno Wettstein 《欧洲师范教育杂志》1989,12(1):17-19

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